Maratha Empire & Bundelkhand - Aneesh Gokhale

Marathas v/s British - Malanggad ( Haji Malang ) - 1780 .

A long drawn battle took place between the British East India Company and the Marathas under Nana Phadnavis in the monsoon of 1780 for the control of Malanggad , also known as Haji Malang – famous for an old dargah of that name which is situated on the hill . It is a prominent landmark near Kalyan , where an  ’urs ‘ for the dargah takes place annually .

Reasons for conflict : 

As of 1780 , the primary concern of the British was to secure and fortify the Island of Mumbai  , their base in this part of India . Hence , apart from forts in South Mumbai and what are today its suburbs – Sion , Mahim etc  , they also wanted to secure the routes leading into the city . Bor Ghat and Kasur Ghat to name a couple . The whole aim was to cut off all routes to Mumbai from Pune , where Nana Phadnavis resided with considerable forces at his disposal . But by blocking the ghats and capturing the heights  , the British wanted to neutralise any future Maratha plans of retaking Mumbai . The town of Kalyan was situated at a most opportune location . Having been a town right from Chhatrapati Shivaji’s times , it had major routes from both Pune – Khopoli as well as the north ( Kasara Ghat )  passing through it . The fort of Malanggad was situated right next to Kalyan , and commanded an excellent view of the region . The British aimed to capture this fort and then turn their attention to Vasai . With the routes leading to Mumbai from Pune blockaded and watched over , and little help expected from Gujarat , the capture of Vasai would make the ‘ring ‘ around Mumbai complete .

British moves :

Capt. Campbell captured Parsik hill  the 12th of April , 1780 . The next day , that is on 13th April 1780 , the town and fort of Panvel was taken by Capt Lendrum . This being an important Maratha outpost , the British wanted to nip any help which may reach Kalyan by the Panvel- Taloja – Kalyan road in the bud itself . The fort of Belapur also fell to the British on the same day . From here , Capt Lendrum moved to Taloja and forced the Maratha chowkie established at the place to retreat to Kalyan . Kalyan was beseiged towards the end of April by Capt Campbell . Continuous bombarding for over five hours finally caused the fort to crumble . The arrival of another senior officer , Capt Hartley , aided in the British capture of Kalyan . With Panvel and Kalyan taken and the roads secured , the British turned their attention to Malanggad . 

Belapur – Taloja – Malanggad

The Malanggad Fort :

This fort , situated near Kalyan consists of two machis and a balekilla . The hill stands rather isolated , and one can see for miles upon miles for end from its summit . I have myself trekked to it’s summit and have spotted the Mumbai – Pune Expressway from there . Without any binoculars . On the other side , the whole of the Ambernath and Ulhasnagar area can be seen . On the third side are Tavli and other such hills which were never full fledged forts . Infact , the summits of these nearby hills are nearly impossible to reach . Thus , the strategic value as well as natural defenses of the fort become readily evident .

Old British painting ( 1800 ) showing Malanggad

The Marathas and British :

When Kalyan fell ,  Malanggad was under the control of one Pandurang Sambhaji Ketkar . The British did not immediately move towards the fort in the hot months of May and June , but instead decided on August to attack .    Since the time of Shivaji , the monsoons had been taken as a time when warfare came to a stalemate in the hills and forests of the Sahyadris . What with the torrential rain making moving on the slushy ground extremely difficult and the dense fog making it impossible to sight anything . So , even in 1780 , not expecting much action , some of the garrison from Malanggad had been granted leave . On the 4th of August 1780 , Abbington attacked the fort and although Pandurang Ketkar fought bravely , managed to capture Pir Machi . This is the Machi on which the dargah is situated . Ketkar retreated to the other machi – Sone machi and decided to make a stand over there . Since the machi was not stocked with enough grain for all three hundred , upto 175 soldiers left the fort and made their way to Gangadhar Karlekar , the mamlatdar of Kalyan . Pandurang Ketkar continued to fight Abbington with his hundred odd troops and a few months of food supply .

Pune reacts :

Nana Phadnavis , realising the gravity of the situation , decided to send Gangadhar Karlekar , Kashipant and Anandrao Dhulap to aid Pandurang Ketkar .They reached Neral , near today’s hill station of Matheran . From here unfortunately , the next fortnight was spent in indecision , with the result that it was as late as 28th of August that they finally managed to reach a village called Kharawai near the fort . Abbington now tried to capture Sone machi and the bale killa by one spectacular  attack on it , but failed in doing so . Pandurang Ketkar and his gardi musketeers were equal to the task . Not only did they manage to beat back the British assault , but even forced their cannons to retreat from Pir machi .The British grip on the lower ranges of the fort weakened , and Gangadhar Karlekar was able to send some much needed supplies and provisions to Ketkar . Nana Phadnavis , sensing that Gangadhar Karlekar was making little headway , now sent Balaji Phatak and Ragho Godbole to lift the siege . The two reached Shiravali in the first week of September and were joined by the others – i.e  Karlekar , Dhulap and Kashipant . Turn by turn , the contingents of Anandrao Dhulap  , Karlekar and Godbole attacked the British on Pir Machi , while Phatak supported them from their camp below and Pandurang Ketkar from the machi above . The Marathas managed to bring their cannon to Pir Machi and bombard the British positions .  Considerable damage was caused to Abbington , but in the absence of a concentrated Maratha attack , they managed to hold fort . Finally , the 18th of September was chosen as the day when a combined attack would be mounted on the British . And in all probability , this would have meant the end of the British siege , but nature had other plans in mind .

A reprieve for the British  & a British counter attack :

On the 18th , it rained cats and dogs at Malanggad , making any warfare impossible . The entire region was shrouded in dense fog which made even the fort itself appear just like a ghostly blur . The planned attack had to be put off for obvious reasons . Abbington had not been sitting idle on Malanggad . He sent messages to Major Westphal at Kalyan , asking for help . Westphal responded by sending troops from Bhivandi around the 17th , which cut off the supply routes of the Marathas . Colonel Hartley started from Mumbai proper and taking the Belapur – Taloja route , reached Shiravali , the Maratha camp . Here , a fight ensued between the Marathas and Hartley and the former were driven back to the village of Vavanje . At Vavanje , the Marathas faced a two pronged attack from both Hartley and Jameson , causing them to first retreat to Panvel and then to Khopoli . Meanwhile at Malanggad : Pandurang Sambhaji Ketkar was once again left alone to fend off his attackers . The British had been weakened but not evicted . A Col Carpenter was now sent to aid the British assault on Sone machi and the bale killa . Pandurang Ketkar and his two Gardi musketeers Aziz Khan Jamadar and Abu Sheikh Jamadar held off wave after wave of British attacks in the early days of October . Even concentrated attacks were repulsed with clever use of muskets and swords . The Gardis ofcourse were expert in using the musket . All this , when their supposed reinforcement was fighting a battle in far away Khopoli .   But the point being that Pandurang Ketkar held the fort .Failure to do so would have meant a direct threat to Pune in 1780 itself .

My pic of the place .

The siege lifts : 

Nana Phadnavis  now decided to step in himself . Free from troubles elsewhere , he moved to Khandala with Yashwantrao Panse , Bhavani Shivram and Haripant Phadke . Their plan was to take the Rajmachi route and reach Kalyan . He immediately instructed Panse and Shivram to proceed to Malanggad . Another officer was sent in the direction of Vasai . Col Hartley , with his troops fighting in various places at the same time , was had pressed to find an answer to this 10,000 strong army led by Phadnavis himself . Plus , even after two months of fighting , the citadel of Malanggad was still in Maratha hands . Hence , around November 1780 , the British lifted the siege of Malanggad .

Conclusion :

1. The British troop movements were better planned .

2. The Marathas managed their supply lines poorly .

3. The bravery displayed by Pandurang Ketkar and his Gardi musketeers is what kept the fort from falling . It fell eventually in 1897 . 4. The Ketkar family , which attributes the 1780 success to the dargah , continues to be its caretaker .

Ref :  The First Anglo Maratha War –  M.R . Kantak

Battles of Honourable East India Company .

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Written  by   Aneesh Gokhale . ( Author of ‘Sahyadris to Hindukush ‘ –  a historical novel about the rise of Maratha and Afghan empires , culminating in conquest of Attock by the Marathas )

Khushal Khan Khattak v/s Aurangzeb . North West Frontier , 1670s .

11 May 2014 at 23:18

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A : Hasan Abdal . B: Peshawar C : Jamrud D: Ali Masjid . E : Kabul

* Pashtun / Pathan are the same thing . --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------This son of mountains is never less than the Mughals , O’companion!
 May I tell you the secrets of my heart?
Khushal Khan likes that grave where the dust of Mughal’s horse’s boots could not fall.

Khushal Khan Khattak

Khushal Khan Khattak was born around 1613 at a place called Akoray near today's Attock , Pakistan . His family had already been serving the Mughals for two whole generations when he was born . In fact , for the first half of his life , he too stuck to the family tradition . His father , Shehbaz Khan Khattak was a Mughal mansabdar under Shah Jahan , given a jagir in the Nowshera region and was responsible for the Attock - Peshawar portion of the Grand Trunk Road . Shehbaz Khan Khattak was loyal to Delhi , to the point of waging war against his fellow Pathans ,  Yusufzai renegades ,  in the region  . Shehbaz Khan Khattak fell fighting the Yusufzai in 1645 , a battle in which Khushal Khan Khattak himself participated and was wounded . In view of the yoeman services rendered by two generations of Khattaks , Shah Jahan confirmed Khushal as mansabdar in place of his father and affairs were to continue as before .

Aurangzeb

The advent of Aurangzeb and the Pathan revolt : 

At the time Aurangzeb ascended the Mughal throne , by murdering his brothers and throwing the incumbent , Shah Jahan , into prison , the empire spread from the mountains beyond Kabul to the northern edge of the Sahyadris . And from the Indus to Bengal . Much of it had been static since the times of Jalaluddin Akbar  and had more or less stayed the same during the Jehangir and Shah Jahan's reigns . If at all , it had expanded - for eg Shah Jahan's conquest and annexation of the Nizam Shahi in the Deccan . This was what Aurangzeb obtained by sheer dint of being born at the famed Lal Qila . But the 6th Mughals politics was of a different brand . His approach was heavy handed , and he treated even his highest ranking officers with great suspicion . Anyone appearing to get to big for his shoes for quickly cut to size . At this point in time , Kabul subah was very much in Mughal hands . The Mughal subhedar at Kabul was responsible for the whole region spanning upto Attock on the river Indus . This included the cities of Peshawar , Jalalabad and the Khyber Pass proper . Amin Khan Shahdar , the governor in 1658 , managed to spread canards against Khushal Khan at Delhi , making Aurangzeb suspicious . It led him to believe that Khushal Khan was getting too powerful in the region , and soon issued orders for his arrest . So , around 1658 , Khushal Khan Khattak , whose family had served the Mughals for nearly a century , found himself in a prison at Ranthambore . Almost a decade of incarceration and torture followed , during which time he developed a life long hatred of the Mughals ; which amply showed in his poetry composed at the time . And ofcourse , he maintained that he was entirely innocent . As a couplet of him says :           " I am in Aurangzeb's prison undeservedly . Allah alone knows about these allegations and slander . "   Finally , in 1668 , he was released and asked to accompany Mohammed Amin Khan on an expedition to the frontier to quell trouble being caused by the Yusufzais . While two decades earlier he had fallen upon them without a care for his life , his loyalty to the Mughal banner had now taken a severe beating. He stayed largely  aloof , and soon detached himself from the Mughals . His next few years were spent in penning poetry which aimed to rouse a sense of patriotism amongst the Pashtuns and encourage them to fight for their independence from Aurangzeb , having been insulted by him .

An example is given below : ( I guess it rhymes in the Pashto version )  
Cup Bearer, fill the flagon, fill it high,
Khushal shall sing of war in revelry,
Now blood has stained the hands of the pashtun youth,
The talons of the hawke that knows no ruth,
 For full 5 years the tribal sword has flashed, keen edged and bright,
Since first the battle clashed, Upon tatara's peak,
where at one blow, Twice twenty thousand of the moghul foe, Perished, wives, sisters, all that they held dear,
Fell captive to the all conquering afghan spear,


A slaughter in the Khyber Pass :

The Yusufzais were soon brutally crushed and Mohd. Amin Khan assumed subhedari of Kabul . In 1672 , he had moved to Peshawar to oversee some official work . Around this point of time , Aurangzeb had abolished 'rahdari '  or toll - tax , across the empire ; causing much heartburn especially in regions like the Khyber Pass , where there were few other sources of income .  This coupled with allegations that Mohammed Amin Khan's soldiers had molested women of the Safi tribe in what is now Kunar in Pakistan ( East of Peshawar ) caused widespread resentment . When fellow tribesmen killed the offenders , Mohammed Amin Khan responded by coming down heavily on the tribals themselves , aggravating the situation . Owing to the above two reasons , the Afridis of the Khyber Pass rose in revolt and quietly closed the pass , not allowing a caravan to pass to Kabul . Akmal Khan Afridi ( referred to in some places as Darya Khan Afridi ) declared himself independent and went to the extent of minting coins in his name . Considering that both Peshawar and Kabul were in Mughal hands , it was a brave if not audacious thing to do . He then proclaimed jihad , or holy war , against Aurangzeb ; who in Agra was busy painting himself as a model of piety  .     Mohammed Amin Khan responded in the usual ham handed manner , pouring men and money into the pass . A 15,000 strong Mughal army entered the Khyber , alongwith the usual entourage of camp followers . The Afridi and other tribes let them pass unmolested upto Ali Masjid , located at the narrowest point in the Khyber Pass . A point so narrow , it was tough work for even two caravans to pass each other . At Ali Masjid , arrows , stones , bullets and boulders rained down on the hapless Mughal army . The armed tribes swooped down on them from all sides and slaughtered the entire army . At the end of the mayhem , just four of the original 15,000 remained alive . 20,000 of the non combatants were imprisoned and sent off to Central Asia . Amin Khan had to bribe his own family out of captivity ! The resounding success of the Afridis brough many Pashtun tribes together . Khushal Khan's poetry inspired them to unite against a common enemy . Many minor scuffles followed , in which alongwith Darya Khan Afridi and Aimal Khan Mohmand , Khushal Khan Khattak showed that he was as proficient with the sword as with the pen .The Afridis , Shinwaris , Mohmands , Safi and many tribes participated .




More troubles for Aurangzeb :

Recognising the gravity of the problem ,  Aurangzeb sent Mahabat Khan and the Rajput Maharaja Jaswant Singh to the region . Marathi readers will readily recognise the latter name . He stationed himself at Jamrud at the mouth of the Khyber , but was unable to make much headway . Irritated , Aurangzeb sent the relatively inexperienced Shujat Khan -  much to the chagrin of the two sent in advance .    Shujat , eager to make a good impression , recklessly charged the Mohmands and other tribes at the Karapa pass in Feb 1674 -  the usual story of slaughter and mayhem followed . Shujat himself got killed and it was solely due to 500 Rajputs sent by Jaswant Singh that some were able to return back alive . Khushal Khan Khattak's poetry continued to inspire and the Mughals got another drubbing at Gandamak .

Aurangzeb at Hasan Abdal :

Now the padishah himself decided to move closer to the action , in the same month that Shivaji crowned himself Chhatrapati . In June 1674 , Aurangzeb arrived at Hasan Abdal , located between Rawalpindi and Peshawar and promptly took matters into his own hands .  He bribed tribe after tribe with tons of gold from the overflowing Mughal treasury . Then he dug into age old rivalries to set them against one another . He employed every trick in the book - sam ,daam , dand , bhed . Rajputs were poured into the conflict , and the best of Aurangzeb's Pathan warriors - Aga Khan and Diler Khan deployed to crush the rebellion . Although there were a few reverses , the tide began to turn by 1675 . Aimal Khan and Darya Khan were both killed battling the Mughals , and Khushal Khan Khattak was unable to keep up the anti Mughal front .  Worst of all , his sons were not a patch on him , with at least one - Behram Khan - openly defecting to Aurangzeb . In 1676 , Aurangzeb returned to Agra . A settlement was reached with the tribes , which involved an annual payment of 12 lakhs . Fortunately the governor at Kabul did not try any new tricks and an uneasy peace was maintained . A dejected Khushal Khan retired to the Tirah valley , located in the heart of Afridi dominated lands of the frontier . He continued to write poems about his love for his nation , unity , sacrifice etc etc .

 Aftermath and effect :

Although the Mughals managed to re establish themselves , things were never the same again . The Pathan backbone of the Mughals had been broken . And because the Rajputs had been pitted against them , the Pathans could not be relied upon for countering the Rajput rebellion which followed . The days of Diler Khan and Mirza Raje Jai Singh would never be repeated again in Mughal history . Aurangzeb had to delay his invasion of the Deccan until much later - a crucial window  which allowed  more time for the Marathas to build a base which to launch the 27 year War of Independence . Although the frontier had been a not so easy area , Jehangir and Shah Jahan had managed to keep the peace with various maliks ( tribal chiefs ) . Aurangzeb failed on this count .  Khushal Khan's legacy :He invoked a sense of nationalism amongst the Pashtuns . Inspired them to think as one nation and together face Mughal imperialism . Although he was not completely successful , the seeds he planted did not go completely waste .His ideals make him an inspirational figure , not just  the fact that he opposed the Mughals . For even Nadir Shah has that to his credit .   Mughal control of the frontier was forever  lost soon after Aurangzeb died . ---------

Khushal Khan's grave on which is written : "Da Afghan Pa nang mai watarala toora, nangyalai da zamanai Khushal Khattak Yam" (trans.: "I have taken up the sword to defend the pride of the Afghan, I am Khushal Khattak, the honorable man of the age.")

Khushal Khan's grave at Akkora Khattak .

 

A : Hasan Abdal . B: Peshawar C : Jamrud D: Ali Masjid . E : Kabul

References : Aurangzib Vol III - J.N Sarkar Khyber Pass in Imperial politics of Mughals ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------  I am Aneesh Gokhale , author of  'Sahyadris to Hindukush '  -  a historical novel capturing the Maratha and Afghan empires and their intertwining politics .in the 18th century .   

Sahyadris to Hindukush .

Walls of Attock

An example of my writing .  Discarded this part from Sahyadris to Hindukush eventually .

Did the Marathas see a view like this in April 1758 ?

THE WALLS OF ATTOCK —

The white and green waters of the Indus and the Kabuli gently caressed the base of the low hill on which stood the fort of Attock . The light coloured sandstone structure gleamed brightly under the scorching sun , while the intertwining waters of the Kabuli and the Indus rivers shimmered like an ocean of emeralds and diamonds . The holy river , the very cradle of civilisation , flowed silently and elegantly ; oblivious to the chaos unfolding on either side of its banks .
Raghunathrao gazed silently at the mountains on the other side , his hand resting on the beautiful crenellations of the fort . He could see a few empty boats still floating in the water below , remnants of Jehan Khan’s and Timur Shah’s dramatic escape to the safety of the Hindukush . His gaze turned to the small village of Khairabad on the opposite bank , with little sign of life . ‘What kind of people resided beyond this river , in those foreboding mountains ? ‘he wondered . The Indus seemed like a hallowed portal to him , a road leading to another world , rather than just another mute river . …

Sahyadris to Hindukush

Sahyadris to Hindukush

BATTLE OF KHARDA ( 1795 ) - MARATHA CONFEDERACY V/S NIZAM OF HYDERABAD .

15 January 2014 at 18:56

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The  battle of Kharda took place in March 1795 , ending up in a resounding win for the Marathas .  It is notable mainly for two reasons :

1)  It happened 34 years after Panipat , at which point all Maratha armies had supposedly  dissappeared for ever .
2)  It was the last time that the Confederacy fought as one , reminiscent of Bajirao and to a lesser extent Balaji Bajirao .



Background and cause :

Chauth and sardeshmukhi issues had been simmering between the Peshwa and the Nizam for quite some time . It was only their common war against Tipu sultan that had put the issue on a backburner . In 1791 though , the Marathas decided to push their demands through their envoys at Hyderabad -  Govindrao Kale and Govindrao Pingle . The Nizam provided his reply under 34 documents and promised to negotiate once the war with Tipu was over . Nana Phadnavis replied favourably to him , and both waited out a couple of years .

 When negotiations were re opened , the Nizam informed Govindrao Kale that the Marathasowed him  two and a half crore rupees !! .  He had also arranged for the British under Shore to be arbitrate in the dispute , much to the chagrin of the Marathas .  At the same time , the Nizam had augmented his army from 2 battalions under the Frenchman Raymond to 23 battalions ! .

Negotiations dragged on till 1794 , with the Nizam not budging from his demands and the Marathas from theirs . Finally , the Mushir Ul Mulk at Hyderabad summoned Govindrao Kale and told him that Nana Phadnis would have to come to Hyderabad for any progress to be made and that the Nizam was prepared to bring him to Hyderabad if the need arose !!  .  With the talks having fallen through , it was obvious that matter would have to be settled the old way .

 The Nizam  moves  to  Bidar : 


The Nizam of Hyderabad  alongwith Raymond , Mushir ul Mulk and the Nawab of Kurnool etc moved his  armies to Bidar by the beginning of 1795 .

From Bidar they proceeded to Wakigung and to the Mori Ghat , along the Manjiri river by February  . There was general feel of confidence in the camp , with the Nizam boasting of how Pune would be captured soon , and Khandesh etc annexed to Hyderabad  .  The Nizam had 45,000 cavalry ; 45,000 infantry and over a 100 guns at his disposal .





The Marathas coalesce at Pune :  

The Marathas under Sawai Madhavrao Peshwa , prepared to meet the challenge head on . A general call to arms was given , and a stupendous reply followed ! .

From the north , Daulatrao Shinde and Tukojirao Holkar joined the fray . From the west Gaikwad of Baroda arrived with his contingent . From the east , Raghuji Bhosale II contributed his cavalry under  . The loose Pindari mercenaries of Karim Khan joined in . Added to this were the contingents of Nimbalkar , Ghatge , Chavan , Pawar , Thorat , VInchurkar , Malegaonkar , Pant Sachiv and others who had so often rallied under the saffron standard .

Break of troops is as follows : Shinde :   25000
Holkar :   16000
Govindrao Gaikwad :  10000 (?)
Bhosale of Nagpur  : 15000  

The Peshwa's own HUzurat cavalry was under Baburao Phadke , with Patwardhan being given overall command .

All put together , the Maratha army was close to 1,00,000 alongwith a hundred guns .



The clash at Kharda : 

The Maratha army took the route via Aurangabad to Bidar , and managed to reach the vicinity of Wakigung and Paijiri .

Baburao Phadke was sent with an advance party to intercept the Nizam at the Mori Pass near Kharda  , which he did but ended up with heavy losses . He retreated towards the main army , hotly pursued by Raymond and his battalions . The commander in chief Parshuram Bhau Patwardhan now joined in , flanked by Shinde ,  Holkar's and Bhosale's contingents .
Very soon , war had broken out between the Nizam and the Marathas near the fort of Kharda . The drilled musketmen of Raymond clashed with those of Perron , under the Scindia . Skirmishing went on for the whole day , before both armies retired for the night  .

The Marathas now played their masterstroke . Under the cover of darkness , they attacked the Nizam with guns and muskets . The Nizam , believing there was nothing to fear , and had planned for the march to nearby Parinda fort , was rudely shaken up .  In the mayhem that followed , scores of his men were killed and a panic stricken Nizam retreated into the small fort at Kharda .




Marathas lay seige . Nizam comes to terms .  The Peshwa laid seige to the fort , while his Pindaries pillaged the deserted army camp .  After seventeen days of holding out , by which time all cattle in the fort perished and his soldiers were also driven to starvation , the Nizam decided to come to terms . A dagger and seal was sent to the Peshwa , signalling that he was ready to accept any condition imposed on him !!  The Peshwa gave a fitting reply , stamping his authority on this last great triumph .

He started off by asking for the Mushir Ul Mulk , who had insulted Nana Phadnis with his rude comments . The Nizam protested , but finally had to give in . His minister , the immediate cause of the war , was soon packed off to Pune as a prisoner .

The Nizam agreed to cede all land from Paranda fort to the Tapti river as well as fort of Daulatabad and territories which had been captured by Sadashivrao bhau in 1760 .

Further ,  3 crores 10 lacs  were obtained from the Nizam as tribute .
29 lac were given separately to Raghuji Bhosale  .
Land worth 3,00,000 annually  was given to Raghuji Bhosale .

A resounding win had been scored , stamping Maratha authority on south India for one last time  .  


_______________________________________________________________________________________________

I am Aneesh Gokhale ,  sailor , writer , trekker and history buff . My first book -  Sahyadris to HIndukush -  a novel on the rise of the Maratha empire was published recently . Visit www.aneeshgokhale.com  for more info .